Psychoanalytic Theories Explain Development As Unconscious...

Psychoanalytic theories explain development as unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion (Santrock 2014). Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist who established a psychosexual theory believing that development occurred during life stage conflicts between a source of pleasure and the demands of reality. Many theorists after Freud believed that there was a good basis in Freud’s theory but it relied too much on the idea of sexual instincts. One such theorist was Erik Erikson, who developed a psychosocial theory about development. Erikson believed that human’s motivation lied in a desire to connect with other people. He believed the ability to handle each stage’s social crisis changed a person’s development. Freud and Erikson’s theories are extremely similar in many ways; however Erikson changed the psychoanalytic theory by taking the next step in recognizing the ability of humans to continue to develop throughout their lifesp an. Freud and Erikson both held a belief that human development was influenced by unconscious thought. These theorists and other psychoanalysts believe that behavior is solely the surface characteristic. To truly understand, you must dig much deeper into a person’s mind. It is also believed that the early experiences of development with parents shape development (Santrock 2014). Both theorized that human development involved distinct stages or discontinuity. Erikson studied human development many years after Freud’sShow MoreRelatedContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Throughout psychologys history, a number of different  schools of thought  have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. Some of the major schools of thought in psychology are Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt

How Has International Trade Involving Canada Changed Over...

How has international trade involving Canada changed over the 50 year period in the graph? The graph had shown that over the 50 year period, the value of imports and exports had drastically increased, showing that there was an increase in imports and exports. 2. a) How have the changes in Canadian exports and imports been different? The changes in Canadian exports and imports had been, different in the sense where they had increased, evidently the value of the imports and exports had increased. b) How would this affect Canada’s trade balance (Trade balance = Exports – Imports) Canada’s trade balance would have been a positive number indicating that more exports than imports were made. c) What does this information allow you to†¦show more content†¦This is because, the exports and imports had risen drastically which benefitted the economy. The government could use this to their advantage and implement what had caused the stunted GDP growth, in scenarios where the economy may be lacking or unstable. 4. Conduct independent research to find out what the difference is between primary, secondary, and tertiary industries and give an example of each type of industry. Primary Industry: Extraction of raw materials (ex. mining) Secondary Industry: Manufacturing sector (ex. car manufacturing plant) Tertiary Industry: Offering goods and services to consumers (ex. grocery store) 5. Describe Canadian investment in other countries just after World War II. After World War 2, Canadian investment in other countries had been approximately 10% into primary industry, 30% into secondary industry, and 60% into tertiary industry. 6. In the next 25 years, how did things change? In the next 25 years, Canadian investment overseas was attributed to around 25% into primary industry, 55% in secondary industry, and 20% in tertiary. 7. Which types of industries saw the biggest change from 1950 to 1974? Tertiary and secondary industries saw the biggest change from 1950 to 1974. The tertiary industry going from 60% to 20% in Canadian investment abroad, and the secondary industry going from 30% to 55%. 8. By 2000, how had things changed in

Gender in the importance of being earnest free essay sample

To what extent is gender the main comic creator in the play of ‘The Importance of being Earnest’? Comedy originated in the 6th century BC in ancient Greece at the Dionysian festival. Comedy was first designed to provoke laughter and to entertain the audience. The ancient Greeks used the word comedy to describe a play with a happy ending much the same as the play the ‘Importance of being Earnest’. The play uses elements of old comedy for example; it is a satire of the Victorian era that is most importantly applied through the use of gender and role reversal (ridicule to expose traditional gender value) it also weaves in strands of new comedy, where young lovers typically undergo endless vicissitudes. ‘The importance of being Earnest’ is a well-made play produced in the late Victorian era that uses traditional gender roles and turns them on their head, role reversal, to create comedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender in the importance of being earnest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It puts characters such as Lady Bracknell in positions of power by showing that the males in the play; Jack and Algernon, can be irresponsible and are inferior when it comes to decision making, it shows that this is a creator of comedy because at the time of production it was very much a man’s world and women were subordinate and uncontrolling. The act of role reversal and the use of gender makes â€Å"a mockery of what is unnatural† once said CL Barber: festive comedy, who summed up what comedy is very well, especially relatable to ‘The Importance of being Earnest’ and from the opening act we can see this very clearly through the character of lady Bracknell who embodies a very paternal and dominant role â€Å"when you do become engaged to someone, I for your farther, should his health permit † immediately Lady Bracknell speaks of herself before acknowledging her husband which in turn leads us to believe she would make the decision without consulting her husband. We also get the impression that due to bad health Lord Bracknell does not make himself public, therefore Lady Bracknell takes on his role. We see this role swap almost instantaneously, this creates comedy by taking traditional gender values and turns them on their head to create exaggeration and confusion as it is not what you would expect. Lady Bracknell also comments on education â€Å"education produces no effect† this shows that she is still a woman of Victorian society as women at the time wouldn’t of had as many right to education as men would have done, this is rather ironic as she is playing out a male role. Moreover Lady Bracknell makes a remark on voting an politics â€Å"oh they count as Tories they dine with us or come in the evening† this shows off her masculinity as women at the time did not have the right to vote, this makes her seem as though she is putting on a facade; pretending to know of politics, and to exercise her power, again this creates comedy as women had very little power, so it is completely absurd. Gender and role reversal also creates comedy through more characters that just Lady Bracknell. When Algernon proposes to Cecily and she replies with â€Å"we have been engaged for the past three months† Cecily then proceeds to tell him; Algernon completely complaisant in this part of the act, about their fantasy love affair, whilst he was in London entirely unaware of the situation. This creates comedy because again it is a female dominating a male character and announcing their engagement, when it is traditionally a man’s role to propose, and the absurdity and unlikelihood of the situation. Gwendolen illustrates that men posses many female traits â€Å"and certainly once a man begins to neglect his domestic duties he becomes painfully effeminate† if a man begins to forget about his domestic duties, he begins to show signs of having characteristics typically regarded as a females. This is ironic because domestic duties are typically within a womans sphere to begin with. This creates comedy because it portrays that men take on female roles which is ludicrous, and again strongly shows a switch typical in gender roles. We also see that when the female roles take one male personas they quintessentially dominate the speech, thus making the men in the play very submissive â€Å" I know nothing lady Bracknell† Jacks speech is not unnaturally eloquent but quick and to the point and we get the impression jack is somewhat scared, and fears Lady Bracknell this is reflected in her very paternal role and dominating speech. This creates comedy because we would usually expect the male to be the dominant role player. On the other hand, we can say there are other factors in the play that create comedy equally as well as what Gender and role reversal does. â€Å"we might say that comedy traces the movement from distress to happiness from ‘bad ‘ to ‘good’† some critical views of comedy, The story- the first act sets the scene and the beginning of the troubles, act two brings the climax to the confusion, then in the third act it is resolved and becomes harmonious. There is ignorance and confusion created amongst the characters but the dramatic irony that is created for the audience, this is particularly predominant for example when Cecily and Gwendolen think they are to marry the same man ‘Ernest’ it is ironic because we know that Ernest is Jack’s ‘pretend’ older brother â€Å"Mr Earnest Worthing and i are engaged to be married†, â€Å"Mr Ernest Worthing is engaged to me† this is a prime example of confusion created amongst the characters which is comic and even more so as the audience know what is going on. Also the irony that is created around the correlation between the title name Earnest and Jacks name Earnest, as it means honest and serious, this creates comedy as we know that jack is leading a double life and all but Algernon are also oblivious as to what Jack is doing â€Å"you have invented a very useful younger brother called Ernest† this creates comedy because it is not serious and again is very absurd from the commodities of everyday life. A lot of the play is centred around how absurd things are and out of place in context of when the play was produced and written, particularly creating comedy for the audience at the time. Taking everything into account Gender and the act of role reversal is very significant to the play as it is a continual and running theme that a lot of the other comedy is focused around. If there were no Gender issue there would be storyline to play the comedy off, Lady Bracknell is the main and most dominant character in the play and a lot of the role reversal and male roles are centred around her, She also makes up for the absence of characters; Lord Bracknell. It would have created a lot more comedy at the time of production as it is focused around traditional Victorian gender values and topics which at the time would have been subject to taboo and controversy, it was also nearing turn of the century and the play taps into the ‘women question’, a time when women’s right were subject to change. In conclusion Gender is one of the main themes of the play and is constantly running through the play and is important to a lot of the comedy to play off for example irony. Also how absurd some of the things would have been at the time, and the fact that it turns quotidian events on their head so that they become unnatural and unexpected.

Implementing Strategy in an Organisation Free Samples for Students

Question: What are the Suggestion You will give to IKEA to make an Organizational Chart that IKEA can Consider to better support its International Strategy. Answer: Introduction Strategy implementation is core to a company's success; it typically occurs after a critical analysis of an organizations micro and macro environment, carrying a SWOT analysis and thus identifying key issues and objectives (Fred, 2013). Therefore strategy implementation would be defined as the manner in which an organization develops, utilize and amalgamate the organizational structure, control systems and organizations culture to follow strategies that will maintain or lead the team to a competitive edge and better the performance. Erica Olsen (2012) implementation is the process where you turn plans into actions to accomplish the laid down strategic goals and objectives. Organization charts refer to a diagrammatic structure of the organization and the relationships and hierarchical ranks of the various jobs and positions in the organizations. The organizational structure covers a hierarchical arrangement that defines the communication order, the authority and responsibilities of employees, the rights, and duties of the organizations. A team chooses the structure that is best for it. How individual and team work within an organization is to be coordinated. Best to mean it does not interfere with the overall achievement of organization's goals. The various body structures are Divisional, functional and matrix. In the hieratical category, there is traditional, flat, flatter, flat Archies, and hold cratic organizations. IKEA is a furniture manufacture. Being a multinational company, it has an equally tough competitor, for instance, the American Wood Mark company. With a weak organizational structure, the company would easily be driven out of business as end consumers, and other retailers would prefer to work with your competitors. Organization Chart: This organization chart shows that the company has a flat organization structure. Flat structure means the hierarchy is not tall and therefore there are less managerial levels. The retailers, industrial groups, group staff function, the supply chain and product development team are at the same horizontal level, and they all report directly to IKEA group management, which in turn reports to INGKA Holding B.V, that reports to Stichting INGKA Foundation both at same horizontal level with Stichting IKEA Foundation. IKEA was founded on values of simplicity, humility, cost consciousness and innovations. Therefore the strategic objectives of IKEA are to produce cheap and affordable products. To better the life of those who cannot afford flashy and expensive products. The goals ensure that the products the company offers are not only cheap but also of high quality. The corporation's goal is to make sure that the retailers and end consumers will always find whatever they are looking for I store and finally offer low prices. In fact, IKEA is the leading in the industry with cheap, high-quality products. Reasons to continue using the current organization structure I support the current body structure. Research shows that flat structures provide greater need satisfaction for employees and a higher level of self-actualization (Porter Siegel, 2006).A flat organization structure is the best structure especially with multinational organizations this is because the bureaucracy that comes with size reduces. Bureaucracy leads to time wastage, meaning some operations end up derailed. With the international market, there is great need to perform all operations as fast; this fast operation creates a right image to the target market. Everyone wants to work with a company that has a good picture (Lim and Sambrook, 2010). The structure also divulges the news about the company's economic and social role, which is a critical role. Therefore, despite the environment being hyper-competitive, there is a vast audience already good relationship with the media that publicizes the positive things about the organization (Michael, 2008). Unlike the usual norm where the media is more inclined to making headlines that are wrong and full of scandals, in this, the case is different. The good news has created a good image and increased the market share. The structure does give the organization the ability to take part in corporate social responsibilities. Consider a core value such as humility; the company has continually participated in CSR. The raw materials needed are trees, and the company is not very arrogant that it cuts down trees and walk. The company has adopted and ethical code, IKEA intends to be moral and ethical,' so after cutting down trees, it plants two more. Following the massive global warming effect, it is moral to cut and plant more than you have cut down. CSR has increased the like-ability of the company, and everyone is full of praises. There are many other CSR activities that the business engages in and has continually put it a competitive advantage (Pollach et al., 2012). Also, the organization uses matrix structure. There is a dual reporting strategy; the information can flow in either across or upward, and resources are well utilized. This method ensures employees are in contact with many people. The movement of information is quite fast, and with a fast flow of communications, decisions making process becomes faster. If a need or a gap arises into market it is possible to tap the opportunity before the company's competitor does it since the decision on how to' and when to' is quickly discussed. Finally, on the issue of innovations, the company has continually upgraded the products. The global market provides significant needs for consumers; some are high quality while others are not. The needs of the high-quality customers keep changing with the advancement of technology, as they have to be at par, the company can cover this need. It not only meets the technological requirements of the consumers but also the needs of the employees as a whole. The methods to make the furniture change and advanced equipment are adapted to make it easy and fast for employees to do their jobs. Conclusion In conclusion, the organization structure for IKEA need not change, this is because the current structure has not deterred the team from innovating and advancing globally, rather it is providing an opportunity for the same. The company is in a competitive edge; however, more strategies need to be employed primarily by the hyper-competitive environment, so the company remains in a competitive advantage with the upper advantage over the competitors References Alexis writing (2015) Different types of organization structures.Retrieved from 26th April 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/different-types-organizational-structure-723.html Erica Olsen (2012) implementation strategy Fred, D. (2013). Strategic Management: Concepts and Case, 12thedition. Pearson Prentice Hall Jacob, M. (2013). The 5 Types Of Organizational Structures: Part 1, The Hierarchyhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2015/07/06/the-5-types-of-organizational-structures-part-1-the-hierarchy/#42bb4f845252 Lim, M., G. Griffiths, and Sambrook, S. (2010). Organizational structure for the twenty-first century: Presented the annual meeting of The Institute for Operations Research and The Management Sciences, Austin. Marquez, J (2007) Big bucks at door for Depot HR leader Workforce management Michael, P. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy: The Harvard Business Review Pollach, I., Johansen, T. S., Nielsen, A. E., Thomsen, C. (2012). The integration of CSR into corporate communication in large European companies: Journal of Communication Management, 16(2), pp. 204216. Porter, L. W, Siegel, J (2006) Relationship of tall and flat organization structures to the satisfaction of foreign managers. Personnel Psychology Sine, W Kirsch D.A 2006 Revisiting Burn and Stalker: Formal structure and new venture performance in emerging economic sectors. Academy of Management journal.