Gateway Essay Samples

Gateway Essay SamplesGateway essay samples are one of the best resources to teach you how to write essays. They are very easy to access, and you have so many options to choose from. And this is true for both first-time students and graduate students.Many people wonder if they will be able to learn how to write a good essay without these resources. In fact, most of the resources available online are not designed to help you with your essays. Most will not even show you how to use them. If you choose to use a resource that does not teach you how to use the material in a way that you understand, then you may be wasting your time.But, there are many other methods that you can use to help you get started writing your essays. Many first time students rely on their teachers to help them get started. While this may work well for some students, others may find that they do not have the time or the inclination to learn.You can always take it upon yourself to write your own essays. There are ma ny options available to you, such as high school essays, college essays, and adult essays.Some sites that provide essay samples include taking quizzes and giving you hints. Many, but not all, of these resources are free. However, many paid sites that offer samples will charge you for more advanced, harder-to-master methods.Another great resource to help you with essay writing is to attend a workshop. These workshops will not only give you great tips for writing essays, but will also give you the opportunity to see professional essay writers in action.There are many other options available for you to use when learning how to write your essays. However, as you can see, Gateway Essay Samples is a good option for first time and beginner writers. You will be able to use all of the links above to help you get started.

Free To Cash Flow Per Share Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1603 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Definition: Free to Cash flow also known as FCF is the cash flow available to the firm or its equity holders net of Capital Expenditures Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2009). Jensen (1986) defines FCF as cash flow remaining after all positive net present value projects are funded at the relevant cost of capital. Free to Cash Flow per Share which is a measure of a firms financial flexibility and it is determined by dividing the free cash flow by the total number of shares outstanding. Importance: The capacity of a Firm to generate Free Cash flow is one of the most key factors to consider when analyzing the firm from a fundamental point of view. Most investors are familiar with basic indicators such as the price-earnings ratio (P/E), book value, price-to-book (P/B). However Investors, who recognize the significance of cash generation, use the Cash Flow Statements of the Company. Cash flow represents the flow of cash earned (income) and spent (expenditure) in a company, and the Free to Cash Flow is regarded as a subset of the Cash Flow. The free to cash flow valuation approach is considered vital because it takes into consideration the firms capital expenditures. Companies with free cash flow that is, cash flow net of capital expenditures can increase the growth, expansion and prosperity of their company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Free To Cash Flow Per Share Finance Essay" essay for you Create order FCF Per Share= Cash Flow- Capital Expenditure/ Outstanding Shares The Free to Cash Flow Theory: A positive Free to Cash Flow value indicates that the firm is generating more cash than is used to run the company and therefore reinvest to bring about growth in the company. A negative Free to Cash Flow value indicates either that the company is not able to generate adequate cash to maintain the business, or the company is making large investments and if these investments earn a high return, the strategy has the potential to pay off in the long run. FreeÂÂ  cash flow is very relevant because itÂÂ  provides a company the opportunity to carry out various investments that enhance shareholder value. With insufficient cash, it is difficult for a company toÂÂ  develop new products, make acquisitions, pay dividends and reduce debt. Based on this we can suggest that firms with positive or high free to cash flow, can reduce their debt or leverage levels, while firms with negative or low free to cash flow will most likely have to increase their debt or leverage levels to maintain the companys business. This is consistent with the PECKING ORDER THEORY developed by Myers (1984) and Myers and Majluf (1984), which is based on the premise that there is a strict ordering or hierarchy of sources of finance which implies that firms will have a preference for internal sources of funds followed by debt and then, when such sources are exhausted, equity finance will be used. This implies that firms with high free to cash flow, will have low leverage levels and firms with low free to cash flow will have high debt or leverage levels. JENSENS (1986) FCF HYPOTHESIS: Jensens FCF hypothesis is that firms with high levels of Cash flow will waste it on negative NPV projects. According to Jensen this is likely to arise as a result of large amount of free cash flows, i.e. cash flows in excess of the funds needed to finance all positive NPV projects. Such free cash flows should be paid out to shareholders if the firm is to maximize shareholder value. Jensen (1986) claims that the corporate restructuring move of the past decade, such as leveraged buyouts, leveraged takeovers and leveraged recapitalizations, are ways for corporations to lessen free cash flows. Increased leverage forces the firm to commit future cash flows to debt servicing, thereby reducing the discretionary cash of managers. This lowers the possibility that managers will invest in value-decreasing projects, thus enhancing value to shareholders. From this, it has been theorized that Leveraged Buyouts solve the problem by not only removing management but also the debt associated with the LBO reduces managements discretion when it comes to the cash, because when corporate resources are incompetently managed, shareholders wealth is destroyed. Lang and Litzenberger (1989) empirically test the FCF hypothesis their results provide empirical support for the FCF hypothesis. It generally explains the benefits of debts or leverage in reducing agency costs of free cash flow. The Free to Cash Flow per Share is an important company financial indicator based on the research and study above it reflects the Cash position of the firm and therefore is important to the Researcher in determining the leverage ratio or Capital Structure of the Firm and also to the Manager in its effect on the Firms Strategic Decisions, thus It is of high relevance in the Model in determining the level of leverage by the sample firms. MARKET TO BOOK RATIO Definition: Market to book ratio, is the ratio of price per share divided by book value per share. It is seen as a useful measure of value and an indicator of how aggressively the market values the firm Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2009). Market to Book Ratio= market value per share/book value per share Importance: Market to book ratio has been used severally by many researchers in analysing the Theories of Capital Structure and as an important indicator of Corporate Financial and Strategic Decisions. Market to Book ratio also called the price to book ratio and is used to determine whether the stock of a firm is undervalued or overvalued. It is most especially used as a measure of growth opportunities of the firm. A ratio above 1(one) suggests a potentially undervalued stock, while a ratio below 1(one) suggests a potentially overvalued stock. THE TRADE OFF THEORY It is generally accepted that market to book ratio, which is necessarily seen as a measure of a firms growth opportunities, is negatively related to leverage ratio, that is firms with higher market to book ratios have lower leverage based on empirical studies by Hovakimian (2004), Baker and Wurgler (2002). However some other researchers such as Long Chen and Xinlei Zhao (2006) came to the conclusion that the relationship between the market to book ratio and leverage ratio is not monotonic and can be positive or negative for various firms. The Trade off Theory- The trade-off theory is based on the premise that firms choose optimal leverage ratios by balancing borrowing costs against benefits. According to this theory, firms with higher market to book ratios also have higher growth opportunities and they intend to keep lower current target leverage ratios thus they are more likely to issue equity when they realize new investment opportunities and downwardly adjust their target leverage ratios. Long Chen and Xinlei Zhao (2006) carried out a study on the relationship between the market to book ratio and debt financing costs using corporate bond data. They made use of credit spread which is the difference between corporate bond yield and treasury bond yield of similar maturity. The credit spread data and related bond information covering the 1995- 2002 period. The purpose was to examine the relationship between credit spread and market to book ratio after controlling for other determinants. The estimation technique uses was the pooled panel regression which where were controlled for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. With three control variables (i) bond-specific, including bond rating and maturity; (ii) firm-specific, including size, leverage ratio, equity volatility, and equity return; and (iii) macro variables, including 3-month T-bill rate and interest rate slope (the difference between 10-year and 1-year interest rate), their conclusion was that credit spread is significantly negatively related to the market-to-book ratio. Therefore, firms with higher market to book ratios face significantly low borrowing costs, which mean the firms can borrow more, since debt is cheaper for them. These results suggest that the relationship between the market to book ratio and leverage ratio might not be monotonic (can either be positive or negative) as earlier discussed. According to Long Chen and Xinlei Zhao (2006) since the trade off theory predicts that firms choose optimal leverage ratios by balancing borrowing costs against benefits. A version of the trade off theory that is consistent with the empirical evidence in their research is as follows: Higher market to book ratios is related to lower borrowing costs. For firms with low to medium market to book ratios, the benefits from borrowing exceeds external equity issuance, and firms make optimal decisions by borrowing more. Alternatively, firms with high market to book ratios have high growth opportunities since they are faced with low borrowing costs and thus preserving low leverage target ratios becomes a major concern. They suggested that fresh insights are needed to explain the relationship between the market to book ratio, growth opportunity, and leverage ratio. The market to book ratio was also used as an indicator of growth opportunities, in a research paper by Basil Al-Najjar and Peter Taylor, based on their study of Jordanian firms they found a strong significant positive relationship between the potential growth rate, as indicated by the market to book ratio, and leverage, this explains that with high growth opportunities the firms have a preference for debt financing as a means of financing their investment opportunities. This is also evidence that the relationship between leverage and Market to book ratio is not monotonic. Based on this study of The Market to Book Ratio is very relevant in this research work and in the Model because it is an essential financial indicator for the Researcher in determining the Capital Structure or Leverage Ratio of a Firm, and for the Manager in investigating how it affects the Firms Financial Strategic Decisions.

Feminism And Its Effects On Society - 1173 Words

For the past few decades, â€Å"feminism† has been portrayed as women who hate men and think all men are evil. True â€Å"feminists† define it as achieving equal political, economical, and social rights for women. Though more and more people are starting to realize the true meaning, its the negative assumptions that are stuck in people’s mind. The media is to blame for misguiding people because of these false accusations. Feminist still faced problems in today’s society. Many people are made to believe that problems do not exist, and others just simply overlook them. It is not much of a gender issue, but it is a humanity issue. I believe that feminist are dealt with more problems that society is even aware of. Even though women has been treated more equally over the years, problems that feminist face are still relevant in today s society because the contributions that women have made are being overlooked, women are not treated equal to men in the workplace , and the media has stereotyped the â€Å"typical women†. While some say women are usually smarter than men and are more qualified, people against feminism believe that women are great at retaining information without thinking too deeply about it. Anti-feminists believe that women do not challenge a theory’s assumption or deeply think about the logical standpoint behind certain assumptions. Throughout the history of philosophy, even back to Plato and Socrates, women do not appear. Even back to huge discoveries in science and economics,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Feminism on Society816 Words   |  3 PagesIn the average workplace, women earn 22% less salary than men regardless of their work ethic or what they have to offer to their employer (Lowen). Women around the world have been treated like they hold less significance to society dating back to the ancient Romans. This leads many to question: why does it matter now? In the ever growing and changing world known to day women need to take a stand for what they are worth. Many of these strong willed women that are looking for change are leading charactersRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society1509 Words   |  7 Pages In our modern society there is a word that can be said that can make grown men cringe and conservative parents worry and strike up discussions and debates anywhere you go. This word carries a lot of weight but is never quite taken seriously.The word is known by many people but not fully understood by the masses. The word being referred to is Feminism and it is phenomenon that has been around for years but has been spreading through people everywhere. Feminism is a movement created to help everyoneRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society946 Words   |  4 Pagespatients diagnosed with AIDS were assumed to be gay. This ignorant perspective negatively branded the gay community, which caused homosexual men to feel as if they must repress their true selves in order to successfully function and fit into American society. A fact to be noted is that though Angels in America was written as a sort of advocacy for gay men, there is a clear presence of femininity that is important to discuss. Femininity is, by definition, the womanliness of something. This play challengesRead MoreFeminism : A Negative Effect On Society1608 Words   |  7 Pagesequality with men. They have been held back and their opportunities taken away from them because of the fact that they’re women. Feminism has had a profound negative effect in the past and is still having a negative effect in the high profile of modern society. Feminism is still as relevant today as it was when women were fighting for their right to vote. In modern society, women and men aren’t thought of equals, when compared to the strong, dominant male. Females are often thought of as inferior andRead MoreBlack Feminism : A Profound Effect On Society s History3616 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equalityRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media And Its Impact On The Feminism Movement Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Feminism Movement Abstract: The new media Internet, social media platforms, has been an increasingly popular tool for feminists to promote the feminism movement. With the broad reach of the internet and social media, this has led to a wider awareness of the feminist movement. The broad reach of the internet and social media however has also open the female gender to various levels of objectification. This paper reviews the research that has been done regarding the effect thatRead More Feminist Approaches to Social Work1641 Words   |  7 Pagessocial work in today’s society. It will first look at the different types of feminism that are present in society. It will then trace and highlight the emergence of feminism in society. This essay will then delve deeper into the different types of approaches that were taken on by feminists within the field of social work. It will discuss what effect these approaches had on society especially women. According to Hooks (2000) as cited in Considine and Dukelow (2009:141) â€Å"Feminism is a movement to endRead MoreThe Media Shape And Reinforce Feminism1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media Shape and Reinforce Feminism Why cannot female characters be stronger? The role of media is representing the social status that reflects the actual situation of the female in society’s different aspects. However, female characters do not have enough representation because males take most of the important roles in different kinds of media. Female characters are always represented as one-sided and more reliant on male characters. Even though there is a trend of misrepresentation of femalesRead MoreLiberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesLiberal Feminism and Radical Feminism The goal of feminism as both a social movement and political movement is to make women and men equal not only culturally, but socially and legally. Even though there are various types of feminism that focus on different goals and issues, the ultimate end to feminism is abolishing gender inequality that has negative effects on women in our society. The issues and goals that a feminist may have are dependent on the social organization or the type of economicRead MoreInstitutions Project1702 Words   |  7 PagesFor a very long time in the U.S. society, women of color have suffered too much oppression and discrimination from in many forms including on racial, class, and gender grounds. They have been subordinated, experience restricted participation in existing social institutions, and structurally placed in roles that have limited opportunities. Their congregation includes African Americans, the Asian Americans, the Latinas and others. There case has been made even worse by the fact that being a weaker

Product Innovation Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Product Innovation Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction: The current report explains the importance of performance management process in managing the employee relations, considering the case study of AGTECH Limited. The report describes the current appraisal process, followed by the firm. The present report has depicted the process, the organisational objectives can be linked to the assessment process of the AGTECH Limited. The study ends with providing strategic recommendations to improve the current appraisal process of AGTECH Limited.) An explanation of modern performance management procedures: Importance of performance management: A potential performance management system benefits three entities named as the organisation, leaders managers and the employees. It is a proven fact that an effective performance appraisal process helps an organisation to improve the efficiency and motivation of the workforce, which in turn, improves the overall productivity. Supporting to this fact, Sachau (2007) stated that effective performance appraisal system reduces team conflict and helps the manager to contribute productivity and innovations within the organisation. Also, a potential performance evaluation system provides the self-assessment opportunity to the employees, and it increases the accountability and commitment towards the job. Therefore, the overall job performance index increases. Failing to provide potential appraisal process might lead to employee dissatisfaction. Eventually, the core competency can get reduced. The similar fact has been observed in the firm AGTECH Limited, where, despite of having adequate employee strength, the company fails to meet the deadline of the delivery. The continuing delays are also reducing client satisfaction, and the company is meeting a potential loss as well. An in-depth analysis indicates that the section 13 of the Employment Agreement of AGTECH Limited fails to improvise an attractive performance appraisal system. Thus, it is high time for AGTECH Limited to modify the current performance evaluation system. A range of two models and approaches to staff appraisal systems, its advantage and disadvantages: Linking the performance with the set goals: Since the employment relation of AGTECH Limited has created a major issue, and the Employment Contract Act executes a major dispute, the firm has provided the flexibility to its employees opt for a self-appraisal process. The aim was to create a responsibility among the workers to link own performance with the set targets. However, Korzynski (2013) stated that the ruling of the Tribunal had imposed pressure on the employer to accommodate every staff a fair and equal appraisal process. Eventually, the process created a major hindrance with the operational attributes linking with the set KPIs. Finally, the firm has received a major issue with the employee appraisal process. 360-degree appraisal: The 360-degree appraisal has successfully satisfied the managers of the firm. After conducting the 360-degree appraisal process, the salary and other benefits of the managers have been increased. Also, the subsidised superannuation and other health benefits of the AGTECH Limited have also been found at par with the workforce demand. The right evaluation of the employee performance and its contribution to meet organisational objectives has enabled the firm appraising the employee in a moderate way. However, the issues generated from the self-appraisal process created a significant discrepancy in the motivational aspect of the workforce, which reflected upon the overall performance. Wei et al. (2012) also stated that the employees received a better appraisal was asked to receive one-off performance evaluation in the coming year. Again, it had created significant issues within the workforce and conflicts raised among respective departments. Element Linking the performance with the set goals 360 degree appraisal Advantage Accountability among the workforce was increased The missed review has helped the AGTECH Limited in providing an accurate assessment of the workforce Disadvantage Employees have become biased regarding the monetary increment process It was a complex process and created greater tension among the staffs. Table 1: Advantage and disadvantage of the current appraisal process (Source: Created by author) The manner in which appraisal systems may be linked to corporate objectives: After analysing the employee relationship issue of AGTECH Limited, the CEO needs to connect the appraisal system with an individual goal of the employees. The key performance indicator (KPI) also needs to be aligned with the overall purpose of the firm (Misiak, 2010). The linking of the current appraisal system with financial reward is unsatisfactory, which is creating a major demotivation among the workforce. Thus, after identification of the performance measures, the financial rewards needs to be set by the CEO so that each employee can be motivated. However, Korzynski (2013) stated that the lack of disciplinary measures and performance evaluation process might fail to establish a potential performance appraisal process. Thus, adequate training and development activity needs to be incorporated into the set goals of the workforce. The frequent performance evaluation and offering incentive scheme could help the firm aligning employee performance with the set individual targets. A recommendation as to what system you would consider suitable for AGTECH Limited: Employment of ranking methods: When it comes to appraising employees and the managers, the ranking process can be found most useful for the contemporary business organisations. According to Demirbas Yukhanaev (2011), the firm AGTECH Limited needs to recognise the comparison which involves a subjective evaluation to which the host of additional facts along with the impressions can be added. A pooled judgement can remove the biases of the managers and employees for the peers that occurs from the 360-degree appraisal. The complete blend of alternative ranking and paired comparison ranking could help AGTECH Limited, in offering a sound performance evaluation measures to its employees. Introducing graphical rating scale: The graphic rating scale could help AGTECH Limited assessing an employee on the quantity and quality of the delivered job. Eventually, the management could decide the degree of commitment and rank it as outstanding, average, above average or unsatisfactory. Artz (2008) also stated that the graphical rating scale helps the employer to identify the trait of the employee, reliability and overall cooperativeness as well. Thus, the approach could bring a good performance appraisal evaluation for the firm AGTECH Limited. Conclusion: The current report shows that the employee relation issues such as lack of potential appraisal, leave management issues, etc. is creating a significant performance threats for the management of AGTECH Limited. Thus, a potential KPI evaluation scheme is required to implement by the current CEO. Finally, the employment of ranking methods and graphical rating scale could improve the effectiveness of the appraisal process. Therefore, the employees can be motivated to potentially contribute to meet a long-term business goals. References: Artz, B. (2008) The role of firm size and performance pay in determining employee job satisfaction brief: Firm size, performance pay, and job satisfaction, Labour, 22(2), 315343 Demirbas, D., Yukhanaev, A. (2011) Independence of board of directors, employee relation and harmonisation of corporate governance, Employee Relations, 33(4), 444471 Korzynski, P. (2013) Employee motivation in new working environment, International Journal of Academic Research, 5(5), pp. 184188 Misiak, S. (2010) Ethical system for employee performance appraisal in practice, Economics Sociology, 3(2), 101113 Sachau, D.A. (2007) Resurrecting the motivation-hygiene theory: Herzberg and the positive psychology movement, Human Resource Development Review, 6(4), 377393 Wei, Y.S., Frankwick, G.L. Nguyen, B.H. (2012) Should firms consider employee input in reward system design? The effect of participation on market orientation and new product performance, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(4), 546558